Objective 16- Describe the application of the principles of classical conditioning to the therapeutic situation (systematic desensitization and aversive counter conditioning).
Classical conditioning principals are used in many therapeutic situations. Classical conditioning techniques are used, classical conditioning meaning: a trigger stimulus is paired with a new response that is non associative with fear. Systematic desensitization is one technique used and it is a type of exposure therapy. This therapy is generally used to treat phobias. To enact this therapy, the anxious individual must relax themselves when going up against stimuli that are anxiety provoking. By going through this process multiple times, the individual is able to gradually wean themselves off of their anxiety. The other therapeutic technique used is aversive conditioning. This is when an uncomfortable condition is paired with an undesired or unwanted behavior. The difference between the two is that systematic desensitization is meant to substitute a positive response for a negative response, then to a harmless stimulus and aversive conditioning is meant to substitute a negative response for a positive response, then to a harmful stimulus.
This article describes systematic desensitization, explaining that it is meant to get rid of specific objects, situations, and activities that evoke anxiety. The example of an early behavior therapy experiment done on a child is used. It was completed by Mary Cover Jones in 1924. She gave behavior therapy to a child with a fear or rabbits.
Objective 17- Objective 17- Summarize the components of instrumental conditioning.
Instrumental conditioning is also known as operant conditioning. In this type of conditioning, individuals receive awards or punishments for their behavior, then learn from those experiences. From these experiences, individuals learn to continue doing activities that produce good results, and eliminate activities that produce bad results. Reinforcement and punishments are the two main components of instrumental conditioning.
Reinforcement is any situation that situation that builds up or bolsters the behavior or actions that follow.
Reinforcement is any situation that situation that builds up or bolsters the behavior or actions that follow.
This article describes instrumental conditioning, or operant conditioning. It is defined as a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. An example of a lab rat for an explanation of the topic is given. After pressing a blue button, the rat receives food as a reward. A red button is also present. When the rat presses the red button, an electric shock is given. Eventually, the rat learns to press the blue button rather than the red.
Artifact #2:
"Operant Conditioning." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 19 Oct. 2014.This image describes operant, or instrumental conditioning. The two main components are reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement increases behavior, where punishment does the opposite by decreasing behavior. Reinforcement's subparts are listed as positive and negative, and punishments's are also positive and negative. When a they are positive, a stimulus is present. When they are negative, a stimulus is absent.
Objective 18- Identify and describe positive and negative reinforcement, positive and negative punishment, the different schedules of reinforcement, discriminative stimuli, and shaping.
- Negative reinforcement is removing or taking away unfavorable events after behavior occurs. Negative reinforces are stimuluses that when removed following a response, strengthen the response. These stimulus's when removed following a response could be something considered unpleasant or uncomfortable. Positive punishment is the introduction of an unfavorable event in order to diminish the response it follows.
- Positive reinforcement is inclined and favorable events that occur after behavior. Positive reinforcers are stimuluses that when presented following a response, that response is strengthened. These stimuluses when presented following a response could be praise or a reward directly given.
- Positive punishment is the introduction of an unfavorable event in order to diminish the response it follows.
- Negative punishment takes place when an inclined event is removed following a behavior.
- There are two types of reinforcement schedules, continues reinforcement and partial reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement is when the behavior that is expected to occur, does every time. Partial reinforcement is when the behavior that is expected to occur only happens part of the time. Partial reinforcement has four separate schedules.
- Fixed-ratio schedules is behavior that reinforced after a specified number of responses.
- Variable-ratio schedules is behavior that is reinforced after a fluctuating number of responses.
- Fixed-interval schedules is when the first behavior is reinforced after an established amount of time.
- Variable-interval schedules is when the first behavior is reinforced after fluctuating time periods.
- Discriminative stimuli signal or express that a response will be reinforced.
- Shaping occurs when reinforcers lead behavior closer toward approximations of desired behavior.
Artifact #1
I could only find one good artifact for this objective.
19. Describe the application of the principles of instrumental conditioning to the
therapeutic situation (behavior modification). compare and contrast classical and
instrumental conditioning.
There are a number of similarities and differences between classical and instrumental conditioning. Classical conditioning is when an individual learns to associate two or more stimuli and anticipate events. Through classical conditioning respondent behavior occurs, which is when an individual responds automatically. Instrumental conditioning is when individuals receive awards or punishments for their behavior, then learn from those experiences. From these experiences, individuals learn to continue doing activities that produce good results, and eliminate activities that produce bad results. Through instrumental conditioning individuals behave according to the environment. Both classical and instrumental conditioning implicate responses, acquisitions, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination. Learning new behaviors and carrying them out through different stimuluses and responses is also a similar factor between the two.
This article describes how instrumental conditioning is used to treat schizophrenic children. Instrumental conditioning in the therapeutic situation succeeds where other forms of therapy have failed. Emotional relatedness and self-identity and imitation of behavior and speech, were conditioned with positive reinforcers, or rewards, of candy. The children were treated for fifty forty-five minute sessions and gained improved speech and test scores compared to those in other therapies.
Artifact #2
![Picture](/uploads/3/8/8/1/38810037/3065323.jpg?250)
Google images
This image depicts what I described above about the similarities and differences of classical and instrumental, or operant, conditioning. The basic idea of classical conditioning is an organism associating event and the basic idea of instrumental conditioning is an organism associating their behavior with the resulting events. The similarities of classical and instrumental conditioning are that they both possess a response, acquisition, extinction, spontaneous response, generalization, and discrimination.
20. Describe what Skinner means by determinism.
Determinism is the speculation that all human action is generated entirely by preceding events, and not by the act of freewill. Skinner theorizes that human behavior is entirely controlled and compelled by genetic and environmental aspects. This means that humans make choices, but these choices may not be free.
This video describes determinism. Everything people say, think, or decide upon are all determined by psychological factors. On the nature nurture spectrum there is no room for free will. The mind is controlled by arbitrary factors like geographical location, peers, and parents. Behavior is caused by inputs and how the data is processed, then choose to some extent if the information is outputted or not.
The explanation of determinism states that people do not have much control over their actions, and that their actions are controlled by biological factors, such as genetics or by the way they are brought up. Determinists believe that people are mainly passive responders to past situations or biology and that free will in non existent. Therefore it is possible to predict the behavior of individuals by recognizing the cause of their behavior.